International Conference on Microbial Genetics & Molecular Microbiology December 03-04, 2018 Chicago, Illinois, USA

One of the most important properties of DNA is that it forms its additional identical copies. The process of forming its replica copy is called replication. Replication is the basis of evolution of all morphologically complex forms of life.

Gene expression is the process by which the genetic code, the nucleotide sequence of a gene is used to direct protein synthesis and produce the structures of the cell. Gene regulation refers to the mechanisms that act to induce or repress the expression of a gene. These include structural and chemical changes to the genetic material, binding of proteins to specific DNA elements to regulate transcription, or mechanisms that modulate translation of mRNA.

The genetic code is the code our body uses to convert the instructions contained in our DNA the essential materials of life. It is typically discussed using the “codons” found in mRNA, as mRNA is the messenger that carries information from the DNA to the site of protein synthesis. A mutation is a change in a genetic sequence

A genetic disorder is a disease caused in whole or in part by a change in the DNA sequence away from the normal sequence. Genetic disorders can be caused by a mutation in one gene (monogenic disorder), by mutations in multiple genes (multifactorial inheritance disorder), by a combination of gene mutations and environmental factors, or by damage to chromosomes (changes in the number or structure of entire chromosomes, the structures that carry genes).

Gene therapy targets the faulty genes responsible for genetic diseases. Inheriting a faulty (mutated) gene can directly cause a wide range of disorders such as cystic fibrosis and hemophilia. It can also cause susceptibility to some cancers. Gene therapy can be used to replace a faulty gene with a healthy version or to introduce a new gene that can cure a condition or modify its effects.

Human genetics is study of the inheritance of characteristics by children from parents. Inheritance in humans does not differ in any fundamental way from that in other organisms. Human genetic diseases are any of the diseases and disorders that are caused by mutations in one or more genes.

Genetic engineering is the artificial manipulation, modification, and recombination of DNA or other nucleic acid molecules in order to modify an organism or population of organisms.

Molecular microbiology is the branch of microbiology devoted to the study of the molecular basis of the physiological processes that occur in microorganisms. Molecular diagnostics is referred to as the detection of genomic variants, aiming to facilitate detection, diagnosis, sub classification, prognosis, and monitoring response to therapy.

Cloning is the process of generating a genetically identical copy of a cell or an organism. Genetic recombination occurs when genetic material is exchanged between two different chromosomes or between different regions within the same chromosome.

Cellular microbiology is the scientific study of the functions and properties of microbial cells. This discipline combines techniques and approaches of classic cell biology and microbiology. Environmental microbiology is the scientific study of microorganisms in the environment. This discipline includes air microbiology, soil microbiology and water microbiology.

Cell biology is the discipline of biological sciences that studies the structure, physiology, growth, reproduction and death of cells. Research in cell biology uses microscopic and molecular tools and examines all cell types, from unicellular organisms such as protozoa to the specialized cells that constitute multicellular organisms.

Cancer begins in your cells. Normally, our body forms new cells as we need them, replacing old cells that die. The growth of extra cells can form a mass called a tumor. Tumors can be benign or malignant. Benign tumors aren't cancer while malignant ones are. Cells from malignant tumors can invade nearby tissues. They can also break away and spread to other parts of the body.

Stem cells are undifferentiated biological cells that can differentiate into specialized cells and can divide to produce more stem cells. They are found in multicellular organisms. In mammals, there are two broad types of stem cells: embryonic stem cells, which are isolated from the inner cell mass of blastocysts, and adult stem cells, which are found in various tissues.

Metabolism is the dynamic balance between catabolism reaction and anabolism reaction that provide the cell with energy or building materials & those to utilize them.